Clinical features and treatment outcomes of human immunodeficiency virus-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a 2-year retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is one of the most common opportunistic infections caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, and is complicated with significant morbidity and mortality. This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of first-diagnosed HIV-associated CM after 2-years of follow-up. METHODS: Data from all patients (n = 101) of HIV-associated CM hospitalized in Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from September 2013 to December 2016 were collected and analyzed using logistic regression to identify clinical and microbiological factors associated with mortality. RESULTS: Of the 101 patients, 86/99 (86.9%) of patients had CD4 count <50 cells/mm, 57/101 (56.4%) were diagnosed at ≥14 days from the onset to diagnosis, 42/99 (42.4%) had normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell counts and biochemical examination, 30/101 (29.7%) had concomitant Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) on admission and 37/92 (40.2%) were complicated with cryptococcal pneumonia, 50/74 (67.6%) had abnormalities shown on intracranial imaging, amongst whom 24/50 (48.0%) had more than one lesion. The median time to negative CSF Indian ink staining was 8.50 months (interquartile range, 3.25-12.00 months). Patients who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) before admission had a shorter time to negative CSF Indian ink compared with ART-naïve patients (7 vs. 12 months, χ = 15.53, P < 0.001). All-cause mortality at 2 weeks, 8 weeks, and 2 years was 10.1% (10/99), 18.9% (18/95), and 20.7% (19/92), respectively. Coinfection with PCP on admission (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.933; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.166-13.269, P = 0.027) and altered mental status (AOR, 9.574; 95% CI, 2.548-35.974, P = 0.001) were associated with higher mortality at 8 weeks. CONCLUSION: This study described the clinical features and outcomes of first diagnosed HIV-associated CM with 2-year follow-up data. Altered mental status and coinfection with PCP predicted mortality in HIV-associated CM.

Clinical outcomes of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have focused on lymphoma among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, little is known about the treatment options and survival rate of lymphoma in the Chinese people living with HIV (PLHIV). Our study aimed to investigate the prognosis and compare outcome of dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and rituximab (DA-EPOCH-R) with standard cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone and rituximab(R-CHOP) as front line therapy for PLHIV with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) receiving modern combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). METHODS: A retrospective analysis evaluating PLHIV with DLBCL was performed in Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from July 2012 to September 2019. The demographic and clinical data were collected, and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) analyses of patients receiving R-CHOP or DA-EPOCH-R therapy were performed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Additionally, a Cox multiple regression model was constructed to identify related factors for OS. RESULTS: A total of 54 eligible patients were included in the final analysis with a median follow-up of 14 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 8-29 months). The proportion of high international prognostic index (IPI) patients was much larger in the DA-EPOCH-R group (n = 29) than that in the R-CHOP group (n = 25). The CD4 cell counts and HIV RNA levels were not significantly different between the two groups. The 2-year OS for all patients was 73%. However, OS was not significantly different between the two groups, with a 2-year OS rate of 78% for the DA-EPOCH-R group and 66% for the R-CHOP group. Only an IPI greater than 3 was associated with a decrease in OS, with a hazard ratio of 5.0. The occurrence of grade 3 and 4 adverse events of chemotherapy was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes of R-CHOP therapy do not differ from those of DA-EPOCH-R therapy. No HIV-related factors were found to be associated with the OS of PLHIV in the modern cART era.

Population pharmacokinetics and dosing regimen optimisation of lopinavir in Chinese adults infected with HIV.

Lopinavir (LPV) is a protease inhibitor (PI) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Current studies on LPV are mainly focused on Caucasians, and none have investigated the population pharmacokinetics (PPK) of LPV in Chinese population. The present study aimed to develop a PPK model for oral LPV in Chinese adults who are HIV-infected. A total of 460 LPV concentrations from 174 Chinese patients who received LPV/ritonavir (LPV/r) 400/100 mg orally every 12 hours (q12h) were analysed using the non-linear mixed-effects modelling approach. Simulations of the LPV concentration profile were performed with different dosing regimens. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination process described the data. The estimated apparent clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution (V/F) (% relative standard error [RSE]) for oral LPV were 5.9 L/h (3%) and 117 L (8%), respectively. Body-weight was identified as a covariate on CL/F. In patients who weighed between 45 and 115 kg and received the standard 400/100 mg q12h regimen, the probability of achieving target trough concentration (Ctrough ) of 1 mg/L was >98% for PI-naïve patients and the probability of achieving target Ctrough of 4 mg/L was <80% for PI-pretreated patients. This is the first population pharmacokinetic study to characterise the PK of LPV in Chinese patients with HIV infection. There were no obvious ethnic differences in the PK of LPV between the Chinese population and Caucasian population. The simulations demonstrated that the standard dosing regimen of 400/100 mg q12h (LPV/r tablets) appears to be sufficient for PI-naïve patients but suboptimal for PI-pretreated patients. Therefore, the regimen of 800/200 mg q12h was recommended for PI-pretreated patients. Further investigation of dosage recommendation could be helpful in optimising LPV therapy for HIV infections.

Neural Remodeling of the Left Atrium in Rats by Rosuvastatin Following Acute Myocardial Infarction.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the effect of rosuvastatin on sympathetic neural remodeling of the left atrium (LA) in rats after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into a three groups: sham group, statin group, and MI group. The mRNA expression levels of the growth-associated protein-43 (GAP43) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were measured by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the distribution and density of GAP43- and NGF-positive nerves. The expression levels of these proteins were quantified by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the sham group, the average optical density (AOD) values of GAP43 and nerve growth factor (NGF)-positive substances in the LA in the statin and MI groups were significantly higher (P<0.01), but the AOD values in the statin group were lower than of those in the MI group (P<0.01). Furthermore, the AOD values of GAP43 and NGF positive nerves in the left stellate ganglion in the statin and MI groups were significantly higher (P<0.01), but the AOD values in the statin group were lower, when compared with the MI group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Rosuvastatin could effectively improve the sympathetic neural remodeling of LA in MI rats.

Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography in the detection of coronary artery in-stent restenosis: evidence from an updated meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of computed tomography angiography (CTA) ≥64 slices for detecting coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR) and determine the influence of separate characteristics on diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases for studies of CTA ≥64 slices in diagnosing ISR. We pooled data on bivariate modelling, and subgroup analysis was also performed. RESULTS: A total of 35 studies involving 4131 stents were included. The pooled positive likelihood ratio (LR+) and the negative likelihood ratio (LR-) were 14.0 and 0.10, for CTA in diagnosis-significant ISR ≥50%. LR+ and LR- were similar between CTA >64 slices versus 64 slices (both P > 0.99). LR- (0.10) was good for ruling out suspected ISR for <3-mm diameter. Time between CTA and stent implantation >6 months did not affect the ability of CTA for the high LR+ (12.3) and the LR- (0.10). Thick-strut stents ≥100 µm or bifurcation stenting demonstrated inferior accuracy, which was unfavourable for stent imaging. CONCLUSIONS: With the high LR+ and LR- of CTA, patients with ISR may be appropriate for non-invasive angiographic follow-up. However, CTA imaging seems unsuitable for patients with characteristics unfavourable for stent imaging, such as thick-strut stents or bifurcation stenting. KEY POINTS: • CTA may provide accurate information on characteristics of in-stent restenosis lesions. • Using CTA, ISR patients may be appropriate for non-invasive angiographic follow-up. • Stent diameter and the number of slices do not influence CTA. • CTA seems unsuitable for patients with thick-strut stents or bifurcation stenting.

Serum TRSUT Titer ≥1: 16 Is a Predictor for Neurosyphilis Among HIV-Infected Patients With Concurrent Syphilis and No Neurological Symptoms.

Investigating the predictors for lumbar puncture to diagnose the asymptomatic neurosyphilis among HIV and syphilis co-infected patients in Shanghai, China. Respectively, screening the medical records from August 1, 2009 to June 30, 2015. Those HIV-infected patients with concurrent syphilis who had received lumbar puncture were selected and their clinical and demographic data were recorded. Participants comprised symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The latter ones could be further divided into 3 groups: late syphilis, early syphilis with anti-syphilis treatment failure, and early syphilis with serum toludine red unheated serum test (TRUST) ≥1:32. Both syphilis stage and anti-syphilis treatment effect were defined by common criteria, and syphilis of unknown duration was considered as late syphilis. Asymptomatic neurosyphilis was defined as neurosyphilis without neurological symptoms such as headache, cognitive dysfunction, motor deficits, auditory or ophthalmic abnormalities, and stroke. Neurosyphilis was defined as reactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) TRUST and/or CSF white blood cell >20 cells/µL without other reasons. Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact test were used for analyzing the difference between neurosyphilis and non-neurosyphilis group. Logistic regression test was performed to analyze the risk factors for neurosyphilis. In total, 170 participants were collected, and the rate of neurosyphilis was 32.35%. Among all the 105 participants without neurological symptoms, 80 patients were with late syphilis and 25 were with early syphilis. Among the early syphilis patients, 23 had a TRUST ≥1:32 and the other 2 experienced an anti-syphilis treatment failure. The differences of clinical and demographic variables between neurosyphilis and non-neurosyphilis group were not statistically significant except the serum TRUST titer (P < 0.01). From HIV/syphilis co-infected patients with or without neurological symptom, those who had neurological symptoms, CD4 <350 per µL and serological TRUST titer ≥1:16 were 4.9-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.37-10.31), 4.3-fold (95% CI: 1.17-15.78), and 4.1-fold (95% CI: 1.58-10.76), respectively, more likely to be diagnosed with neurosyphilis. Asymptomatic patients whose serum TRUST titer ≥1:16 were 8.48-fold (95% CI: 1.08-66.63) more likely to have asymptomatic neurosyphilis. Among asymptomatic HIV-infected patients with late syphilis or early syphilis experienced an anti-syphilis treatment failure, those who have a serum TRUST titer ≥1:16 are suggested to perform lumbar puncture in order to avoid delayed diagnosis and the occurrence of severe sequelae of syphilis.

[Research on rules of distribution and development of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of 2,237 HIV/AIDS cases].

HIV/AIDS patients in high prevalence areas with different routes of infection (sexually transmitted 878 cases, 527 cases of intravenous drug user, paid blood donor 652 cases) were choosen for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome investigation for one-year clinical follow-up. This paper primarily concluded the nature, location and pathogenesis of AIDS diseases. Deficiency of Yang and Yin, combining deficiency of Qi are the basic deficiency syndromes, while stagnation of dampness, toxic fire are the excess syndromes; the disease location of HIV infector is spleen, main syndrome is deficiency of spleen Qi; the disease location of AIDS patient is kidney, main syndrome is deficiency of spleen and kidney Yang. The pathogenic development tendency is from deficiency of Qi to combining stagnation of dampness and toxic fire, finally to deficiency of Qi and Yin, deficiency of Yang.

[Study on quality of life of asymptomatic HIV infected persons with traditional Chinese medicine].

OBJECTIVE: Study on quality of life of asymptomatic HIV infected persons with traditional Chinese medical, which can provide the clinical basis for improving the quality of life. METHOD: This study applied a randomized, double-blind, and placeb-parallel control designed method to select 1 200 persons in the asymptomatic period of HIV infection as the subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group at the ratio of about 2:1. According to the results of monthly differential diagnosis of TCM, the test group and the control group were given homologue Chinese drugs preparations and model Chinese drugs. The total study period was 18 months. Using PRO scale and the world health organization AIDS determination of quality of life short scale form (WHOQOL-HIV-BREF) to investigate asymptomatic HIV infected persons, according to different times, we calculated the total score and each domain score of quality of life of the treatment group and control group, we did statistical analysis. RESULT: Form the PRO scale,we can see that the treatment group showed a trend of stability, compared with the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.05) after 6 months; from the WHOQOL-HIV scale analysis, we can see that compared with before treatment, the quality of life of the treatment group was increased, the difference was significant (P < 0.05), but the quality of life of the control quality of life was decreased, the differences was significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Dialectical therapy of Chinese medicine can significantly improve the patient's quality of life, which can provide the basis for the prevention and control policy formulation and implementation with asymptomatic HIV infected persons.

[Epidemiological and clinical features of occult hepatitis B in HIV infection without antiretroviral treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analyze the differential prevalence, as well as the risk factors and clinical features, of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected population without antiretroviral therapy (ART) as compared to the general (non-HIV-infected) population. METHODS: Two-hundred-and-forty-eight individuals with confirmed HIV infection but ART naive (males: 220, females: 28; 15-82 years old) were enrolled in the study, along with 121 healthy individuals (confirmed HIV antibody-negative; males: 53, females: 68; 20-88 years old). HBV markers (hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg); hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg); anti-HBs, anti-HBe and anti-hepatitis B core (HBc) antibodies) were detected by microparticle enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AxSYM immunology analyzer manufactured by Abbott Laboratories); all cases and controls were confirmed negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Then, the HBV DNA level in serum was detected using nucleic acid amplification assay (COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HBV test, version 2.0 manufactured by Roche). CD4+ T lymphocytes were measured by flow cytometry, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, marker of liver function) was measured by enzymatic assay. RESULTS: Twenty-four of the HIV cases (9.7%) and four of the healthy controls (3.3%) tested positive for HBV DNA; the amount of individuals with HBV DNA-positivity was significantly higher in the HIV-infected group (P = 0.035). Among the 24 cases of HBV DNA(+) HIV-infected individuals, the lowest HBV DNA load was < 20 IU/ml and the highest was 3.22 x 10s IU/ml; nine of the individuals (37.5%) had HBV DNA load > 100 IU/ml, four (16.7%) had 20-99 IU/ ml, and 11 (45.8%) had < 20 IU/ml. Among the total HIV-infected cases with HBV DNA-positivity, 7.3% (8/110) were anti-HBc(+)/anti-HBs(+), 20.8% (11/53) were anti-HBc(+)/anti-HBs(-), 14.3% (3/21) were anti-HBc(-)/anti-HBs(+), and 3.1% (2/64) were anti-HBc(-)/anti-HBs(-). The amount of individuals with HBV DNA-positivity in the anti-HBc(+)/anti-HBs(-) group was significantly different from those in the anti-HBc(+)/anti-HBs(+) group (P = 0.018) and the anti-HBc(-)/anti-HBs(-) group (P = 0.003). However, multiple comparison of HBV DNA loads detected between the four groups of HBV marker status revealed no significant difference (P = 0.805). Furthermore, statistical analysis provided no evidence to support that occult hepatitis B infection in HIV-infected individuals had any impact on CD4+ T lymphocytes count (Z = 1.902, P = 0.059) or ALT levels (Z =1.401, P = 0.161). CONCLUSION: HIV-infected individuals who are ART naive and HBsAg(-) have a higher incidence of HBV DNA-positivity than individuals in the general (non-HIV-infected) population. In addition, the highest rate of occult hepatitis B among the HIV-infected cases occurred among individuals who were anti-HBc(+)/anti-HBs(-).

[Relation between social capital factors and self-rated health among Chinese adults].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relations between factors of social capital and self-rated health among Chinese adults. METHODS: Univariate and multivariate analyses were used, based on 33 610 respondents in cross-sectional data of Chinese Family Panel Studies implemented by Institute of Social Science Survey, Peking University. RESULTS: In the study, 47.4% of the respondents reported "good" in self-rated health. The result of univariate analysis showed that those who took part in any organizations (P<0.001) or had frequent interaction with others (P<0.001) tended to report relatively higher level on self-rated health. After controlling the physical health and demographic factors, the social participation (P<0.01), social interaction (P<0.001) and perceived social equity (P<0.001) were all the correlates of self-rated health among Chinese residents. CONCLUSION: Factors of social capital are important correlates of self-rated health in China, controlling the physical health and demographic factors. self-rated health can indicate people's social health to certain extent.

Stereoisomers ginsenosides-20(S)-Rg3 and -20(R)-Rg3 differentially induce angiogenesis through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.

Ginsenosides are considered the major constituents that are responsible for most of the pharmacological actions of ginseng. However, some ginsenosides exist as stereoisomeric pairs, detailed and molecular exposition based on the structural differences of ginsenoside stereoisomers has not been emphasized in most studies. Here we explore the functional differences of ginsenoside Rg3 stereoisomers on angiogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated the distinctive differential angiogenic activities of 20(S)-Rg3 and 20(R)-Rg3 stereoisomers. 20(S)-Rg3 at micromolar concentration promotes human endothelial cells proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro, as well as ex vivo endothelial sprouting. The effects induced by 20(S)-Rg3 are significantly more potent than 20(R)-Rg3. These effects are partially mediated through the activation of AKT/ERK-eNOS signaling pathways. Moreover, knockdown of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) by specific small interference RNA abolished the 20(S)-Rg3-induced angiogenesis, indicating that PPARγ is responsible for mediating the angiogenic activity of Rg3. Using reporter gene assay, the PPARγ agonist activity of 20(S)-Rg3 has been found 10-fold higher than that of 20(R)-Rg3. Computer modeling also revealed the differential binding is due to the chiral center of 20(S)-Rg3 can form a critical hydrogen bond with Tyr473 of PPARγ ligand binding domain. The present study elucidated the differential angiogenic effects of Rg3 stereoisomers by acting as agonist of PPARγ. The results shed light on the structural difference between two ginsenoside stereoisomers that can lead to significant differential physiological outcomes which should be carefully considered in the future development of ginsenoside-based therapeutics.

[Comparative analysis of applying patient experience and satisfaction survey (VPSM) tool in Chinese hospitals].

OBJECTIVE: Patient experience and satisfaction survey has been regarded as an important method of collecting patients' opinions on medical services and improving the quality of management. From 2005 to 2009, Australia Victorian patient satisfaction monitoring, VPSM, was introduced, localized and adopted by over 50 Chinese hospitals. To compare and analyze each localized applications of VPSM and submit suggestions for further applications. METHODS: The paper adopted the way of document research. The researchers collected all of the published and unpublished investigation plans and monitoring reports during these five years, compared the operations and the results of investigations and indicated the advantages and weaknesses. RESULTS: In respect of methods, they were similar but showed some small differences in details such as the questionnaire structure, the reminding letter and the organization of data acquisition and analysis. The localized VPSM was gradually moving towards standardization. The monitoring was able to find the changing of medical services and provided the referential information for management. CONCLUSION: The localization of VPSM is still on its way and it needs improving by means of extending application.

[Clinical impacts of highly active antiretroviral therapy on patients of hemophilia combined with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: 6-year follow-up of 39 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the haemorrhage status, joint function, and physical ability of the patients of hemophilia combined with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHODS: Thirty-nine hemophilia A/AIDS patients, all male, aged (40+/-13), underwent HAART and followed up for 6 years from 2002 to 2008 to observe the yearly hospital visit time, bleeding time, transfusion times, amount of factor VIII transfusion, VIII: C level, physical ability, and joint function. Flow cytometry was used to count the CD4+ T cells, and bDNA assay was used to examine the HIV virus load. RESULTS: The average hospital visit time, bleeding time, transfusion time, and amount of factor VIII transfusion, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, and platelet count before HAART were not significantly different from those after treatment (all P>0.05); only one case showed moderate decrease in VIII: C level, and another one case showed slight decline in physical ability and joint function. The serum HIV RNA load decreased from (4.8+/-1.0) log copies/ml before HAART to (2.4+/-1.0) log copies/ml (P<0.05) and the CD4+ T cell count raised from 183+/-97/mm3 to 456+/-157/mm3 (P<0.05) after HAART. CONCLUSION: HAART has no obvious impact on the haemorrhage status, joint function, and physical ability in hemophilia A/AIDS patients, however, it is effective to inhibit HIV replication and raise CD4+ T cell number which indicates that HAART therapy is positive for immune recovery.

[A cross-sectional survey of occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients].

OBJECTIVES: Occult HBV infection is defined by positive HBV DNA in individuals with undetectable levels of HBsAg. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of occult HBV infection in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: Serum samples were obtained from 105 HBsAg-negative HIV patients who were hospitalized and were not given anti-virus treatment at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. Microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) was used to detect HBV serologic markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe and anti-HBc). ELISA was used to detect HCV antibody. CD4+ T cell count was examined with flow cytometry. Nested PCR was used to amplify surface protein region of HBV. RESULTS: 32 (30.5%) patients (27 men, 5 women) were HBV DNA positive in the 105 HBsAg-negative HIV-infected patients (92 men and 13 women). 22 patients (including 5 patients with HBV DNA +) were in 16-30 years group, 44 patients (including 15 patients with HBV DNA +) were in 3149 years group and 39 patients (including 12 patients with HBV DNA +) were in 50-75 years group. 5 patients were negative for all HBV serologic markers and 27 patients detected with at least one of anti-HBc, anti-HBe or anti-HBs. 14 patients (29.8%) with HBV DNA + in 47 HIV-infected patients were coinfected with HCV, 18 patients (31.0%) were HBV DNA + in 58 HIV-monoinfected patients. The median absolute CD4+ T cell count was 145.1 cells/microl (4-623 cells/microl), 26 patients (34.7%) were HBV DNA + in 75 AIDS patients with CD4+ T cell <200 cells/microl and 6 patients (20.0%) HBV DNA + in 30 HIV-infected patients with CD4+ T cell >200 cells/microl. No statistical significant association could be established between the above factors. CONCLUSIONS: It is found that occult HBV did occur in HIV-infected patients. No statistical significant association could be established between occult HBV infection and gender, age, HBV serologic markers, coinfected HCV and CD4+ T cell count.

Invasive fungal infections among inpatients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome at a Chinese university hospital.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality among people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), however, little is known about the clinical features and prognosis of IFI in AIDS in China. This study aimed to characterise the clinical features and prognosis of IFI in AIDS patients in China. We retrospectively reviewed the records of all HIV-infected patients at a Chinese university hospital between December 2004 and May 2006. We identified 35 patients with IFI. IFIs included thrush, oesophageal candidiasis, fungal pneumonia, cryptococcosis, penicilliosis and fungaemia, 44.4% of IFIs occurred in the digestive tract, 71.8% of IFIs occurred in patients with CD4(+)T-lymphocyte counts <100 cells mm(-3). Candida albicans accounted for 57.4% of fungal pathogens isolated. All the patients received both antiretroviral and antifungal therapy; 27 patients were cured and eight died. IFI is one of the most common opportunistic infections in AIDS patients in China. IFIs mainly occur in patients with low CD4(+)T-lymphocyte counts. The majority of IFIs occur in the digestive tract. The most common pathogen causing IFI is C. albicans. The mortality rate remains high although antiretroviral therapy and many newer antifungals are available in China.

[Peg-interferon alfa-2a and highly active antiretroviral drug therapy on hepatitis C patients with AIDS].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect and side-effect of peg-interferon alfa-2a (PEG-IFN alfa-2a) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: Twenty-two patients with HCV/HIV co-infection received highly active antiretroviral therapy initially; after their CD4 lymphocyte counts rose to over 0.20x10(9)/L, they were separated into two groups: one group with CD4 lymphocytes over 0.35x10(9)/L (high group) and one group with CD4 lymphocytes below 0.35x10(9)/L (low group). Both groups were given 180 microg of PEG-IFN alfa-2a every week intramuscularly. HCV RNA and HIV RNA loads, blood cell and CD4 lymphocyte counts, and liver functions were routinely examined. RESULTS: After 12, 24 and 48 weeks of PEG-IFN alfa-2a therapy, mean HCV RNA loads reduced 2.0650 log10 copies/ml (t=3.8733), 2.9146 log10 copies/ml (t=7.6741) and 2.4315 log10 copies/ml (t=5.8202) from the baseline at week 0 in the 13 patients in the high group, and reduced 1.1522 log10 copies/ml (t = 2.8937), 1.4189 log10 copies/ml (t=2.4422) and 1.1167 log10 (t=1.1261) in the 8 patients of the low group. However, there was no significant difference between the early viral response rate (EVR) and the end of treatment viral response rate (ETVR) of the two groups. In the high group, the white blood cell count was lower at 24 weeks than the base line (t=2.4700), and the blood platelet count was lower both at 24 and 48 weeks than the base line (t=2.3273 and t=3.6149). CONCLUSIONS: PEG-IFN alfa-2a can effectively reduce HCV RNA loads in patients with HCV-/HIV co-infection, and the inhibition rate in patients with higher CD4 lymphocyte counts is better. The EVR and ETVR of the two groups of patients show similar results after the treatment. PEG-IFN alfa-2a can reduce the white blood cell counts and the blood platelet counts in the peripheral blood.

[Effect of moxibustion on immunological function in the patient of AIDS of spleen-kidney yang-deficiency].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect of moxibustion on AIDS patients of spleen-kidney yang-deficiency. METHODS: Sixty-six cases of AIDS were divided into a treatment group and a control group, 33 cases in each group. All of the patients were treated with HAART, with moxibustion at Tianshu (ST 25), Shenque (CV 8), Zhongwan (CV 12), Guanyuan (CV 4) added in the treatment group for 3 months. Clinical symptoms and cell immunity were recorded before and after treatment. RESULTS: After treatment, the effective rate was 90.9% in the treatment group, which was better than 66.7% in the control group (P < 0.05). The improvement of the score for clinical symptoms in the treatment group was superior to that in the control group (P < 0.01). After treatment, the CD4 lymphocyte counts increased in the two groups, with no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Additionally, increase of total lymphocyte count in the treatment group was superior to that in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Moxibustion can increase the therapeutic effect of HAART on AIDS patients and increase the total lymphocyte count.

[Portal hemodynamics in patients with different syndromes of cirrhosis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the portal hemodynamics or the indices of liver fibrosis and the liver function score in patients with different traditional Chinese medical syndromes of liver cirrhosis. METHODS: One hundred and forty-seven cases of liver cirrhosis with different syndromes were included in the study. Diameters and blood flow velocities of the portal vein and splenic vein were tested by color Doppler sonarography. The indices of liver function (TBIL, ALT, AST, Alb, Glb, PTA) and the indices of hepatic fibrosis (HA, PC-III, LN, VI-C) were tested. RESULTS: The diameters of portal vein in liver cirrhosis patients with different syndromes (internal accumulation of of damp-heat, stagnation of liver-qi, superabundance of dampness due to spleen-asthenia, asthenia of liver and kidney yin, asthenia of spleen and kidney yang, blood stasis) were not significantly different. The blood flow velocities and flow volumes of portal vein in patients with the blood stasis syndrome and the internal accumulation of damp-heat syndrome were significantly different (P < 0.05). The diameter of splenic vein in patients with the internal accumulation of damp-heat syndrome was significantly different to that of the asthenia of liver and kidney yin syndrome, or the blood stasis syndrome, or the asthenia of spleen and kidney yang syndrome, respectively (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The blood flow velocity of splenic vein in patients with the blood stasis syndrome or the asthenia of spleen and kidney yang syndrome was significantly different to that of the internal accumulation of damp-heat syndrome, or the stagnation of liver-qi syndrome, or the asthenia of liver and kidney yin syndrome, respectively (P < 0.01). The blood flow volume of splenic vein in patients with the internal accumulation of damp-heat syndrome was significantly different to that of the asthenia of liver and kidney yin syndrome, or the asthenia of spleen and kidney yang syndrome, or the blood stasis syndrome, respectively (P < 0.01). The liver cirrhosis indices HA and PC-III in patients with the asthenia of liver and kidney yin syndrome were significantly different to those of the internal accumulation of damp-heat syndrome (P < 0.05). In Child-Pugh classification, the incidence of Child-Pugh C was the highest in the asthenia of spleen and kidney yang syndrome, while the incidence of Child-Pugh A was the highest in the stagnation of liver qi syndrome. CONCLUSION: The changes of portal vein dynamics in liver cirrhosis patients with the asthenia of liver and kidney yin syndrome, or the asthenia of spleen and kidney yang syndrome, or the blood stasis syndrome are significantly different to those of the internal accumulation of damp-heat syndrome and the stagnation of liver-qi syndrome.